American Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery
Volume 28, Issue 4 , Pages 260-266, July 2007

Botulinum neurotoxins: fundamentals for the facial plastic surgeon

  • Robert Todd Adelson, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationDivision of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, PO Box 100264, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. Tel.: +1 352 392 4461.

Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, PO Box 100264, Gainesville, FL, USA

Received 29 July 2006

Abstract 

The most commonly performed nonsurgical cosmetic procedure in the facial plastic surgery armamentarium involves the various commercial preparations of botulinum neurotoxins. These drugs have undergone a transformation from public health scourge to near ubiquitous therapeutic modality across the entire medical spectrum. Herein, the history of botulinum neurotoxins is reviewed, including an exploration of their pharmacology, neuromuscular junction physiology, a description of the commercially available preparations, and the recent research concerning the practicalities of their clinical use.

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PII: S0196-0709(06)00209-2

doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2006.09.002

American Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery
Volume 28, Issue 4 , Pages 260-266, July 2007

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