Lidocaine spray vs tetracaine solution for transnasal fiber-optic laryngoscopy

References 

1. Sawashima M, Hirose H. New laryngoscopic technique by use of fiber optics. J Acoust Soc Am. 1968;43:168–169
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
2. Singh V, Brockbank MJ, Todd GB. Flexible transnasal endoscopy: is local anaesthetic necessary. J Laryngol Otol. 1997;111:661–668
3. Leder SB, Ross DA, Briskin KB, et al. A prospective, double–blind, randomized study on the use of a topical anesthetic, vasoconstrictor and placebo during transnasal flexible fiberoptic endoscopy. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1997;40:1352–1357
   • MEDLINE
4. Frosh AC, Jayaraj S, Porter G, et al. Is local anaesthesia actually beneficial in flexible fiberoptic nasoendoscopy. Clin Otolaryngol. 1998;23:259–262
5. Noorily AD, Otto RA, Noorily SH. Intranasal anesthetic effects of lidocaine and tetracaine compared. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;113:370–374
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
6. Verlander MJ, Johns ME. The clinical use of cocaine. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1981;14:521–531
   • MEDLINE
7. Tarver CP, Noorily AD, Sakai CS. A comparison of cocaine vs lidocaine with oxymetazoline for use in nasal procedures. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;109:653–659
   • MEDLINE
8. Drivas EI, Hajiioannou JK, Lachanas VA, et al. Cocaine versus tetracaine in septoplasty: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Laryngol Otol. 2007;121:130–133
9. Bizakis JG, Lachanas VA, Drivas EI, et al. Cocaine flakes versus tetracaine/adrenaline solution for local anaesthesia in septoplasty. Rhinology. 2004;42:236–238
   • MEDLINE
10. Adriani J, Cambell D. Fatalities following topical application of local anesthetics to mucous membranes. JAMA. 1956;162:1527–1530
11. Cambell D, Adriani J. Absorption of local anesthetics. JAMA. 1958;168:873–877
12. Astrom A, Presson NH. The toxicity of some local anesthetics after application on different mucous membranes and its relation to anesthetic action on the nasal mucosa of the rabbit. J Pharmacol. 1961;132:87–90
13. National Organizations for Medicines, Greek National Formulatory, 2003:651-2.
14. Lee KJ. Anesthesia for head and neck surgery. In:  Lee KJ editors. Essential otolaryngology head neck surgery. 8th ed.. New York: Mc Graw-Hill; 2003;p. 897–926